Grassroots Science

HPAI Early Detection Data System (HEDDS)
It’s only been just a little while since the official bird flu testing results in the USA have been provided in a much easier format to receive and review. This is very good news. The mailing list is one way to review the latest data. Another is to use their RSS feeds.

Just as a reminder–
HPAI is highly pathogenic avian influenza (particularly the H5N1 strain)
LPAI is low pathogenic avian influenza
“Bird flu” of the pandemic concern (H5N1) HAS been detected in wild birds in the USA and North America. It is of low pathogenicity (LPAI).

Complex Bird Flu Testing summary
Dirty Jobs in Bethel, goose butts
Sampling Bird Cloaca
Avian Influenza among NorAm Waterfowl Hunters and Wildlife Professionals

National HPAI Early Detection Data System (HEDDS) Update Monday, Feb 18, 2008
This email contains text only. To view map and for easy-to-read formatting, go to:
http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/documents/National HPAI Early Detection Data System (HEDDS) Sample Totals Update Feb 18 2008.pdf (pdf file)

**Note: After 30 days, this link will no longer be available. You are welcome to save a copy locally for research or education purposes.

Totals for 2007

New samples with test results added since February 11 for the 2007 Sampling
Session: 187

Total samples tested and reported for 2007: 84,530

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has NOT been detected in these
samples.

Totals for 2006

As of February 11, 2008, no new samples with test results were added to
HEDDS.

Total samples tested and reported for 2006: 164,553

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has NOT been detected in these
samples.

Surveillance news

Feb 15, 2008: The LPAI H5N1 table has been updated with information on results from a sample collected from a American black duck in Tuscola, MI on Nov 4, 2007.

Feb 15, 2008: The LPAI H5N1 table has been updated with information on results from a sample collected from a Mallard in Erie, PA on Oct 29, 2007.

Feb 15, 2008: The LPAI H5N1 table has been updated with information on results from a sample collected from a Mallard (#1) in Kent, DE on Nov 19, 2007.

Feb 15, 2008: The LPAI H5N1 table has been updated with information on results from a sample collected from a Mallard (#2) in Kent, DE on Nov 19, 2007.

Feb 15, 2008: The LPAI H5N1 table has been updated with information on results from a sample collected from a American black duck in Kent, DE on Nov 20, 2007.

Feb 15, 2008: 187 samples and tests were added to HEDDS for 2007. Total is now 84,530.

Feb 13, 2008: The LPAI H5N1 results table has been updated with information on samples collected on Jan 29, 2008 from a Unknown in Jefferson county, AR.

Additional information on Surveillance News items can be found at the following links:

USDA Avian Influenza Homepage -
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome?navtype=SU&navid=AVIAN_INFLUENZA

DOI News - http://www.doi.gov/news.html

Other links: This message is from the HEDDS-News mailing list.

HEDDS
http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/

LPAI H5N1 Results Table
http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/LPAITable.pdf (pdf file)

National Wildlife Health Center - Avian Influenza News
http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/avian_influenza/avian_influenza_news.jsp

Wildlife Disease Information Node – Select Avian Influenza News Sources
http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/diseaseresource.jsp?disease=Avian%20Influenza&section=News&pagemode=submit

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

The HEDDS-News Mailing List is a component of the NBII Wildlife Disease Information Node

See related posts–
Where is… bird test results
Results Birds and Influenza from Asia into Alaska
Frozen fecal bird flu types
Results: 2006 Alaska Avian Influenza Surveillance
another result on our birds
Where is… Bethel and 2007 bird flu
Accessible bird results
results, maybe
LPAI (H5N1) in mallards, confirmed from Maryland
White House: Lesser Bird Flu May Be Here
YKHC: H5N1 bird test results
Villagers living in bird flu’s flight path
Experts will test birds for signs of avian flu

Site Search Tags: HPAI, LPAI, HEDDS, samples, cloaca, H5N1, bird+flu, results, Kuskokwim, Yukon, refuge, National+Wildlife+Health+Center, USGS, wildlife+disease, emerging+disease

Winker K, McCracken KG, Gibson DD, Pruett CL, Meier R, Huettmann F, et al. Movements of birds and avian influenza from Asia into Alaska. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2007 Apr [date cited]. Available from

• http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/4/06-1072.htm

Abstract
Asian-origin avian influenza (AI) viruses are spread in part by migratory birds. In Alaska, diverse avian hosts from Asia and the Americas overlap in a region of intercontinental avifaunal mixing. This region is hypothesized to be a zone of Asia-to-America virus transfer because birds there can mingle in waters contaminated by wild-bird–origin AI viruses. Our 7 years of AI virus surveillance among waterfowl and shorebirds in this region (1998–2004; 8,254 samples) showed remarkably low infection rates (0.06%). Our findings suggest an Arctic effect on viral ecology, caused perhaps by low ecosystem productivity and low host densities relative to available water. Combined with a synthesis of avian diversity and abundance, intercontinental host movements, and genetic analyses, our results suggest that the risk and probably the frequency of intercontinental virus transfer in this region are relatively low.

The article has a good synopsis of why anyone would be interested in Alaska for the study of pandemic avian influenza (of any type). The data also add to the work on whether wild birds or domestic birds would have a greater influence on bird to human exposures to the H5N1 avian flu. The article is also an easily accessed scientific paper to study for its structure of presenting information and interpretations of data (but the data themselves are not included). I wish the studies had included stable nuclide analyses for examining natural variation in environmental chemistry (and in tracing the species and human food webs), but no one asked ;0)
See previous

• Scientists Criticize Bird Flu Search -
  http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2006/12/05/scientists-criticize-bird-flu-search/

We found low rates of infection among the 8,254 samples obtained from the most important host groups, waterfowl (Anatidae) and shorebirds (Charadriidae and Scolopacidae; Appendix Table). From these samples we obtained only 5 isolates, which represent an infection rate of just 0.061%. These isolates included hemagglutinin subtypes H3, H4, and H6. The 5 isolates were found in 3 (0.2%) of 1,477 green-winged teal (Anas crecca), 1 (0.76%) of 131 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and 1 (0.03%) of 3,703 northern pintails (Anas acuta). We found neither evidence of a clearly Eurasian origin for any of the virus genes sequenced from these Alaska isolates nor H5 subtypes. Our data do show a remarkably close genetic association between avian influenza (H6) virus in Alaska ducks and a poultry outbreak in California in nucleoprotein and nonstructural protein A genes. This finding reflects real-time connections of migratory ducks between Alaska and California, and this vector connection extends into the Russian Far East These findings affirm the intracontinental importance and risk posed by this region…

The infection rates we found are substantially lower than those found for interior Alaska… Aerial surveys of waterfowl across Alaska show more ponds and fewer ducks per unit area on tundra; the number of ducks per pond on tundra habitat is less than half the number found in the boreal-forest dominated interior. This … resulting in the dilution of virus in waters with fewer available hosts, may in part explain our results. This is the first geographically and taxonomically extensive Arctic AI surveillance in North America, and it suggests that some Arctic effect lowers infection rates, thus lowering the risk of intercontinental viral transfer in these high-latitude regions…

[while the current Arctic and sub-Arctic regions may result in a lower population density of birds and their shed viruses (and also people) it is the lower density and not the "Arctic" per se which affects the infection rate of the virus. However, the lower density may be only of the birds. Other research [cited here, | flu viruses survive tundra ponds | and here, | Frozen fecal bird flu types |] has shown that the viruses may survive in ponds between breeding seasons (over winter) and thus might accumulate or become more concentrated in numbers. As we know from disease ecology and biocultural anthropology, the disease process involves several factors besides presence and abundance of the infective microorganism. mpb]

Human population densities in Alaska are relatively low, especially in the Beringian Crucible, and Alaska lacks a large agricultural sector. However, mammalian carnivores abound and could be susceptible hosts. Direct human infection from wild birds is possible, but transmission from birds to humans is difficult. Nevertheless, exposure in this region may be considerable; hunters kill ≈99,000 waterbirds for food each year on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta alone.

I knew the testing for bird flu was earlier than last March when the program was publicized, but hadn’t known it was 9 years old.

…We obtained our baseline data on viruses and vectors by screening wild birds for AI virus in western Alaska, starting in 1998. We focused on western Alaska because of the unparalleled overlap of Old World and New World bird migration systems in this region. To estimate the risk of Asian-origin AI viruses being delivered by migratory birds to North America through Alaska, we evaluated AI virus infection rates, bird movements, and the diversity and degree of intercontinental host overlap…

There is a table with “Species of waterfowl (Anatidae) and shorebirds (Charadriidae, Recurvirostridae, and Scolopacidae) in Alaska with an Old World connection or from which cloacal swabs or fecal samples were obtained, Alaska, 1998–2004″ but once again, there are no results of these samples and no identification of where the samples came. I’ll list the bird names in a comment when I can get them.

• Table
  http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/4/06-1072-appT.htm

Social Bookmarks:

Technorati Tags: CDC, EID, results, UAF, cloaca, migration, California, Alaska, research, disease+ecology, biocultural, stable+nuclides, Kuskokwim, Yukon, Arctic

[My backlog. April 2006]

Frozen faeces

But there are dozens of strains of bird flu in circulation in the wild, Kida told delegates at the meeting, organised by The Lancet. In a four year study, which is still ongoing, he and colleagues isolated bird flu subtypes from over 10,000 samples of faecal matter from wild ducks in Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, China and Japan. The frozen samples were collected from lakes during the winter. The researchers found 49 different bird flu strains.

And when they experimentally infected pigs with these bird flu strains, many of them underwent genetic reassortment. Pigs are thought to act as a “mixing vessel” for flu and other diseases, where new combinations of genes from different strains can come together. The team has also created 76 other flu subtypes in the lab by genetic reassortment.

They have 123 combinations of H and N subtypes stocked as potential vaccine strain candidates. Kida believes these may be “invaluable” as potential vaccine strains and also for diagnostics. “Any subtype could get into humans,” he says.

Overall, scientists have isolated every bird flu subtype – H1 to H15 and N1 to N9 –from ducks which remain symptom-free, says Kida.”

• http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/ bird-flu/dn9101-theres-more-than-one-bird-flu-experts-warn.html

See also

• http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/flu-viruses-survive-tundra-ponds/

Site Search Tags: Siberia, feces, frozen+ponds, pigs

News Release

2006 Alaska Avian Influenza Surveillance Wrap-up Available: No H5N1 Found

News Releases Home Page, Contacts, Bruce Woods (907)786-3695

In 2006, Alaska Department of the Interior agencies were tasked with testing more than 15,000 birds for the highly pathogenic avian influenza known as H5N1. Results from the 2006 field season have recently been published and are available to the public at http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/avian_influenza/index.html and http://alaska.fws.gov/media/avian_influenza/index.htm.

Of the 16,807 samples that were lab tested during the season, 1.6% tested positive for some form of avian influenza. This result is to be expected, since there are144 separate forms of ?bird flu,? many of which are known to be present in American bird species, pose no threat to domestic poultry or humans, and may not even produce noticeable symptoms in wild birds. No evidence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza was detected, nor was any other highly pathogenic avian influenza strain found in Alaska.

The detailed report summarizes the 2006 sampling program conducted in Alaska by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and their partners. It provides in-depth information on sampling methods used, species sampled, number of samples obtained per geographic area, and influenza test results for all samples analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin (http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov).

For additional information on avian influenza surveillance in Alaska, including links to photographs for media use and a wide range of other helpful websites, go to: http://alaska.fws.gov/media/avian_influenza/index.htm , http://www.avianflu.alaska.gov/, or to http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/avian_influenza/index.html

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages the 95-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System, which encompasses 542 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. It also operates 69 national fish hatcheries, 64 fishery resource offices, and 81 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies.

- FWS-

• http://tinyurl.com/2jutgg

Maybe results but…
I am uncomfortable with the discrepancy between the headline and the content (note where I’ve added emphasis above).

I am uncomfortable with the discrepancy between this release from the Alaska agency and the news released from elsewhere (Search for bird results or Search for bird tests)

I’m uncomfortable, in following the links above to the so-called actual results, I still cannot find them. [Results from the 2006 field season have recently been published and are available to the public at....]

I’m uncomfortable with an official website which contains cold links (not formatted to be clicked on) Here’s the hot link

• http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/
  The detailed report summarizes the 2006 sampling program conducted in Alaska…

I’m uncomfortable, in following the links above to the latest governmental sources, that those “latest” are dated April 2006.

• As of April 2006, the highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 avain [sic] influenza has not been observed in Alaska or elsewhere in North America.
• http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/avian_influenza/index.html

Technorati Tags: HPAI, LPAI, bird+flu+results

I would still like to see all our bird test results. Does anyone know why Alaska’s bird results are not easily accessible?

WED., JAN 17, 2007
Testing yields clues to bird virus behavior
DAVID WAHLBERG, Wisconsin State Journal

…A sample last spring from a bird in Alaska, tested in Madison, confirmed that flu viruses from Asia and North America mixed genetically in the same bird - the type of interplay scientists fear could create a pandemic strain.

“It’s proof that wild birds do carry viruses between the continents,” said Hon Ip, who oversees the diagnostic virology lab at the National Wildlife Health Center off Schroeder Road. “That helps explain why we’re doing this.”…

Read entire story here

• http://www.madison.com/wsj/home/local/index.php?ntid=115324&ntpid=1

Technorati Tags: results, H5N1, bird+flu, National+Wildlife+Health+Center, Alaska, Yukon+Kuskokwim

There may be a closer case of HPAI H5N1 in birds, but this is confirmed.

2007-02-04
My apologies to those who listen to webpages rather than see images– the distance between Bethel and the nearest HPAI H5N1 is 3,553 miles (see map below). In the comments you will note the distance to the HPAI H5N1 in England is 4,632 miles (7454 km). On the US newsmedia cognitive maps, the UK is closer.

Bird flu detected in southern Japan identified as virulent H5N1 strain
Updated 1/16/2007
TOKYO (AP) — Tests have confirmed that bird flu detected in chickens in southern Japan was the virulent H5N1 strain that has caused more than 160 human deaths worldwide, the Japanese Agriculture Ministry said Tuesday.

The virus, identified Tuesday by the National Institute of Animal Health, killed about 4,000 chickens last week at a farm in Kiyotake town in Miyazaki prefecture (state).

• http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-01-16-bird-flu_x.htm

Japan says bird flu outbreak is from deadly H5N1
16 Jan 2007 Source: Reuters
By Miho Yoshikawa

TOKYO, Jan 16 (Reuters) - An outbreak of bird flu at a poultry farm in southwestern Japan was due to the lethal H5N1 strain of the virus, a farm ministry official said on Tuesday, confirming the first such case to hit Japan in three years.

• http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/T261412.htm

• http://www.wpro.who.int/sites/csr/data/data_Maps.htm

2007 map from WHO

Cumulative map from WHO

Technorati Tags: where+is+Bethel, bird+flu, H5N1, Japan, HPAI, Alaska, avian+influenza, great+circle, GPS Visualizer

Accessible results (still not the complete data). I converted the pdf flyer from USFWS see previous results, maybe

Sample Scheme | Region | Samples | Low Path AI
Spring Subsistence
YK Delta 2,846 34
Seward Peninsula 773 12
St Lawrence Island 938 19
Live Bird
YK Delta 5,465 38
Alaska Peninsula 1,172 8
Aleutian Islands 81 0
Interior 603 21
NW Alaska 1,156 80
North Slope 2,576 11
Seward Peninsula 223 0
St Lawrence Inland 17 0
SE Alaska 302 1
Fall Harvest
YK Delta 47 2
Seward Peninsula 53 0
St Lawrence Island 75 2
Interior 347 20
Alaska Peninsula 118 19
SE Alaska 15 1
Mortality Investigations 97 | 0
Totals 16,904 | 318

Site Search Tags: results, USFWS, LPAI, data

Officials confirm no sign of bird flu from Alaska tests

The Associated Press
Published: January 9, 2007
Last Modified: January 9, 2007 at 04:24 PM

JUNEAU, Alaska (AP) - There were no signs of the deadly H5N1 strain of bird flu from tests conducted in Alaska in 2006, state officials said Tuesday….

“Roughly 21,000 wild birds in Alaska were sampled for avian flu by federal and state agencies last year,”

Officials said no cases of the deadly strain were found but, but as expected, other low pathogenic forms of avian flu did turn up.

Of the samples collected by the state game department, about 7 percent tested positive for some sort of low-pathogenic avian influenza.

Rothe cautioned that even though thousands of birds were tested, that’s just a small sample of the wild birds that pass through Alaska.

“While we’re reassured from our targeted sampling efforts, we can’t say with 100 percent certainty that we’re clean,” he said…

• http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/ story/8549805p-8443638c.html

This announcement, like the others, still does not give the actual results. Where is… Alaska’s data?
Here is the tests map. Alaska shows 17,023 birds tested and results known as of today

• http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/

Here are the latest tests results for everyone except Alaska

• http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/LPAITable.pdf

Hold the digital presses!

Finally, but in a pdf file,
as of December, 2006 there were 16,904 samples with 318 positive for LPAI H5N1

• http://www.avianflu.alaska.gov/PDFs/0612USFWS_AI%20ResultsAK.pdf

and here’s the news release above, also pdf, but it’s available! in “real” time! let’s hear it for the new guv!

• http://www.avianflu.alaska.gov/PDFs/PR0702_YearOne.pdf

All we need is RSS and E-mail notification, in text format, for improved accessibility.

Once again, we know bird flu exists in North America; we have confirmation it is H5N1; but it is the low pathogenic variety (LPAI). (keep cooking your meats. update your preparedness.)

——————————
Date: Wed, 13 Sep 2006 00:25:33 -0400 (EDT)
From: ProMED-mail
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Avian influenza, mallards - USA (MD)(02): LP, USDA report

AVIAN INFLUENZA, MALLARDS - USA (MD)(02): LOW PATHOGENICITY, USDA REPORT
****************************************************
Date: 12 Sep 2006
From: Joseph Dudley
Source: Official USDA release [edited]

Avian Influenza Tests Complete On Maryland Resident Wild Mallard Ducks
- ———————————-
The U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Interior today announced final test results that confirm that an H5N1 avian influenza virus detected in fecal samples collected last month from resident wild
mallard ducks in Maryland is a low-pathogenic subtype. This strain has been detected several times in wild birds in North America and poses no threat to human health.

The USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) confirmed the presence of the “North American strain” of low-pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza through virus isolation in samples collected from the resident wild mallards in Queen Anne’s County, Maryland. Test results announced on 1 Sep 2006 indicated that an H5N1 avian influenza subtype was present in 9 of the collected samples, but further testing was necessary to confirm pathogenicity. As previously announced, genetic testing ruled out the possibility that the samples carried the specific highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 avian influenza that is circulating overseas.

Low pathogenic strains of avian influenza commonly occur in wild birds and typically cause only minor sickness or no noticeable signs of disease in birds. Low-pathogenic H5N1 is very different from the
more severe highly pathogenic H5N1 circulating in parts of Asia, Europe and Africa. Highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza spread rapidly and are often fatal to chickens and turkeys.

The Departments of Agriculture and Interior are working collaboratively with States and academic institutions to sample wild birds throughout the United States for the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza. More than 21 000 wild birds have been tested so far this year and none have been infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

For more information about the collaborative avian influenza efforts go to

http://www.usda.gov/birdflu

http://www.doi.gov/issues/avianflu

or the U.S. Government’s Web site for avian influenza and human pandemic preparedness at

http://www.avianflu.gov

Site Search Tags: results, mallards, USDA

Technorati Tags: results, H5N1, mallards, USDA

Kind of. At least one can find the totals, after 4 months.

http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/

Avian Flu Detection Information on Wild Birds Available

The public can now view a Web site showing current information about wild bird sampling for early detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the United States:

http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/

Scientists are now using the newly developed database and Web application called HEDDS (HPAI Early Detection Data System) to share information on sample collection sites, bird species sampled, and test results.

The database is available to agencies, organizations, and policymakers involved in avian influenza monitoring and response. Scientists will use the data to assess risk and refine monitoring strategies should HPAI be detected in the United States. Public access is more limited, but shows the states where samples have been collected and includes numbers of samples collected from each state.

HEDDS is a product of the federal government´s NBII Wildlife Disease Information Node (WDIN) housed at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center. With financial support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Department of Agriculture´s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and participation by State wildlife agencies, universities and nongovernmental organizations, the HEDDS Web site provides a current picture of where sampling has taken place and the results of testing. “HEDDS provides a critical comprehensive view of national sampling efforts at a time when the demand for this type of information is increasing, along with the growing interest in HPAI surveillance efforts in wild birds,” said WDIN Project Leader Joshua Dein.

Between April 1 and August 18, 2006, 9,590 samples from wild birds tested for avian influenza have been entered into HEDDS. Scientists have tested over 10,000 wild birds so far. No HPAI H5N1 has been detected to date. The Eurasian strain of H5N1 avian influenza virus has caused 141 human deaths elsewhere in the world, as well as the death of millions of domestic and wild birds. Low-pathogenicity strains of avian influenza are commonly found in waterfowl and shorebirds; such strains do not cause significant disease in wild birds or in people.

Many federal, tribal, and state agencies are involved in the U.S. Government´s national surveillance plan for the potential introduction of HPAI into the United States from wild birds. Within the federal government, the Department of the Interior (DOI) has the main responsibility for wild migratory birds and thus, the primary responsibility for HPAI in wild birds should these birds be found to be carriers of this disease.

Since the release of the wild bird surveillance plan in March 2006, DOI and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have worked collaboratively with the four North American Migratory Bird Flyway Councils (Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic) and many states to develop local and regional wild bird surveillance plans. As part of the surveillance and early detection effort, HEDDS will show sample numbers in each state where testing occurs. Most current testing is in Alaska where many of the wild bird species targeted for surveillance nest.

Sampling has begun in many of the lower 48 states and will continue as birds begin migrating south from their northern nesting grounds. Data from three of the wild bird surveillance plan´s five strategies for early detection of HPAI are now viewable on HEDDS: sample numbers from (1) live wild birds tested, (2) subsistence hunter-killed birds, and (3) investigations of sick and dead wild birds. The other two strategies are: (4) surveillance of domestic birds as sentinel species; and (5) environmental sampling of water and wild bird droppings.

The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) is a broad, collaborative program to provide increased access to data and information on the nation´s biological resources. The NBII links diverse, high-quality biological databases, information products, and analytical tools maintained by NBII partners and other contributors in government agencies, academic institutions, non-government organizations, and private industry. A fact sheet with more detailed information about HEDDS is available at http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/ai/HEDDS_FactSheet.pdf

The USGS serves the nation by providing reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life.

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Links within this release are valid at the time of publication.

Site Search Tags: research, USGS, testing, HPAI, disease