Archive for the 'history' Category

Anthropology — significance for authentic change

I asked one of the anthropology newslists to publish Ann Dunham’s bibliography. In the meantime, this article provides a bit of context for the current election season.

“Anthropological perspective” is difficult to define, but if one is lucky enough to be exposed to it, it proves invaluable for running corporations or countries or non-profits or farm co-ops. Anthropology is the comprehensive, comparative study of people in space and time.

Holistic perspective of the environment (change with time)

Holistic perspective of the environment (change with time)

Obama’s mother’s work, focus of seminar

Posted on: Friday, September 12, 2008
By Dan Nakaso

Sen. Barack Obama’s approach to economic and foreign policy most likely was influenced by the research his mother conducted decades ago through the University of Hawai’i.

Obama’s mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, who died of cancer in 1995, earned her doctorate at the University of Hawai’i while helping craftsmen in Indonesia and Africa get small loans to improve their lives and their villages, and ended up becoming an expert in “micro lending.”

Dunham’s work — from an anthropology undergraduate to her doctoral dissertation — will be discussed today at a free seminar at UH called, “Dr. Stanley Ann Dunham: An Extraordinary Woman and Her Work.”

UH professor emeritus Alice G. Dewey, Dunham’s graduate anthropology adviser, who will be speaking in today’s program, said Dunham “made it clear that you had to understand what they (the people you hope to help) are doing and for what. The implication for Sen. Obama is that if you’re going to do something intended to help somebody, you better understand the implications and whether it’s suited to the economics of that place. Just throwing money at a problem doesn’t do it. You really have to understand what you’re doing in order to help people.”


“However this election turns out, it’s important for us to focus on her in a way we haven’t to date. She is a significant figure in women’s history in Hawai’i and we need to take a look at her and be proud of her as a UH-Manoa student and show our female students that they can do anything.”

Much of the discussion will focus on the scholarly aspects of Dunham’s work in Indonesia — “her knowledge of Indonesian craftsmanship and her efforts in micro-financing,” said one of the organizers…

The implications are profound for potential U.S. policies around the world, Dewey said….

In Indonesia, Dunham home-schooled Obama and gave birth to his sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, who now teaches at La Pietra School and plans to be in the audience at today’s presentation.

“There was a recognition that we could change the world by helping as many people as possible in the lower economic tiers to empower themselves so they could have some decision-making power over their own lives,” Soetoro-Ng said.

“Our mother’s work greatly influenced my brother’s commitment to service and to inclusiveness and to grass-roots democracy, obviously democratic decision making. Those commitments were certainly imbedded in his list of priorities, in part because of her example.”…

Her life of service is something to which we should all aspire. [...]

read more

Ann’s most lasting professional legacy was to help build the microfinance program in Indonesia, which she did from 1988 to ‘92—before the practice of granting tiny loans to credit-poor entrepreneurs was an established success story. Her anthropological research into how real people worked helped inform the policies set by the Bank Rakyat Indonesia, says Patten, an economist who worked there. “I would say her work had a lot to do with the success of the program,” he says. Today Indonesia’s microfinance program is No. 1 in the world in terms of savers, with 31 million members, according to Microfinance Information eXchange Inc., a microfinance-tracking outfit.

Analytical anthropology includes the study and application of biocultural variation and adaptation in complex, non-linear, dynamic systems (simply, you and yours). We’re very good at working with communities (nuclear physicists or public health epidemiologists or seal hunters or small town mayors but not dinosaurs, silly. Those are paleontologists.) to accurately assess difficult problems and create sustainable, innovative solutions. Anthropologists, not afraid to skin a moose with a stone knife, explain the half-life of stable carbon to bureaucrats, diagnose the organizational culture of foreign enterprises, or redesign hockey rinks for efficiency.


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Sarah Palin content

[additions]
Cama’i visitors.

Local results for ‘Palin’ using the search box. You may also use the site search tag in each post, Sarah+Palin.

WordPress.com doesn’t have the best internal search engine, but I’m usually good about using the tags correctly. If you want to know more about Alaska and Alaska Natives, including Eskimo people, especially Yup’ik people of the Yukon Kuskokwim Nushagak region, try using the categories in the sidebar or the site search tags at the bottom of each post.

The Nushagak River is in the Bristol Bay region (Dillingham is the hub. The link opens in a new window) from which Todd Palin’s family comes.

Our terrific state-wide public radio network is offering a reprise of their hour-long show about Governor Palin. Listen here, AK: Sarah Palin, Revisited

revised 2008-08-31 Because Gov. Palin has offered her credentials as commander of the National Guard, here is the category for related posts here– Eskimo Guard For those who have read several news stories quoting the Alaska Business Journal Monthly story, March 2007 (? looking for the original article), the end of 2006, on the Governor’s response to the Iraq surge, may be interested in this post, What impact will Iraq war call-up have from June 2006. State governors don’t usually have much involvement in US wars, and naturally would be more interested in state affairs. But this US war has called up our National Guardsmen.

revised 2008-09-04

“Alaska is on the map” is the recent slogan. Actually, Alaska has always been on the map. In fact, all over the map and maps. Click the category maps to find out where all we’ve been put now.

Other reasonable writings (i.e., respectful and insightful) –
Read Writing Raven on Sarah Palin and Alaska Native Issues

Mudflats on photos of Wasilla, church in Wasilla, global photogs and newsmedia in Wasilla, et al. Sarah Palin’s Preacher Problem. End Times Coming?

Shannyn Moore, also an Alaska woman, daughter of teachers, “Bitter-Proud”? (hard to read theme so use your own style sheet)

Andrew Halcro, Palin for VP: The S.W.O.T Analysis, who keeps up with bailouts of local dairies, “troopergate”, Governor’s gasline to be built by foreigners.

Good grief. I have overlooked the O’Folks off their Rocker much earlier post  over at –

This is a good summary, from Slate. The Sarah Palin FAQ Everything you ever wanted to know about the Republican vice presidential nominee. By Derek Thompson Posted Thursday, Sept. 4, 2008, at 5:39 PM ET

2008-09-10 Michael Carey has consistently provided balanced and accurate information. Listen to him at NPR,

Related posts specific to Palin–

http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2008/08/29/where-is-palin-and-bridge-to-nowhere-alaska/
http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2008/08/31/todd-palin-sarah-palins-husband-and-rural-alaska-living/
http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2008/08/29/where-is-wasilla-gov-sarah-palins-residence/
http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2008/08/30/sarah-palin-content/
Where is… Sarah Palin foreign experience (Russia)


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I voted in Yup’ik

for the first time, I voted in Yup'ik

for the first time, I voted in Yup'ik

For the first time since the Voting Rights Act of 1965, people have been able to read voter education materials, voter assistance materials, and voter ballot in Yup’ik, the indigenous language of Bethel.

These stickers are handed out to voters to wear to remind others to come vote. This is the first ever sticker in Yup’ik and English.

I voted early (saves money and pollution to combine errands) so Dave T., elder of renown, brought me the sticker from election day.

2008-09-04 update

Yup’ik language-assisted primaries scrutinized

The Alaska primary elections were watched for the outcome of contentious ballot measures.

But the results of an untried system to help Yup’ik speakers vote, used for the first time during the Aug. 26 primaries, are still coming in. Both sides in a lawsuit over the issue are watching those outcomes very closely[...] http://thetundradrums.com/news/story/3165


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1918 flu antibodies recovered from survivors

National Public radio had two good stories about this, yesterday Antibodies To 1918 Flu Found In Elderly Survivors and today, Antibodies To 1918 Flu Resurrected

Once again, an illustration of how important it is to learn from the people who witnessed the 1918/1919 pandemic.

Public release date: 17-Aug-2008
Contact: Craig Boerner
craig.boerner @ vanderbilt .edu
615-322-4747
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
1918 flu antibodies resurrected from elderly survivors

Ninety years after the sweeping destruction of the 1918 flu pandemic, researchers at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt have recovered antibodies to the virus – from elderly survivors of the original outbreak.

In addition to revealing the surprisingly long-lasting immunity to such viruses, these antibodies could be effective treatments to have on hand if another virus similar to the 1918 flu breaks out in the future.

The study, led by James Crowe Jr., M.D., professor of Pediatrics and director of the Vanderbilt Program in Vaccine Sciences, Christopher Basler, Ph.D., at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Eric Altschuler, M.D., Ph.D., at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, is published online in the journal Nature.

The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed nearly 50 million people worldwide, many of whom were young, healthy adults. With fears of another looming flu pandemic stoked by the emergence of “bird flu” in Asia, researchers have wanted to study the 1918 virus and the immune response to it.

In 2005, researchers from Mount Sinai and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, D.C., resurrected the 1918 virus from the bodies of people killed in the outbreak. The bodies, and the virus, had been preserved in the permanently frozen soil of Alaska.

When the investigators approached Crowe, whose lab had developed methods of making antibodies, to try to make antibodies to the 1918 flu, he was skeptical, but agreed to try.

The researchers collected blood samples from 32 survivors age 91-101 years and found that all reacted to the 1918 virus, suggesting that they still possessed antibodies to the virus.

Crowe’s team was then able to isolate exceedingly rare B cells – the immune cells that produce antibodies – from eight of those samples and grow them in culture. Seven of those samples produced antibodies to a 1918 virus protein, suggesting that their immune systems were waiting on standby for a long-awaited second outbreak.

“The B cells have been waiting for at least 60 years – if not 90 years – for that flu to come around again,” Crowe said. “That’s amazing…because it’s the longest memory anyone’s ever demonstrated.”

Crowe’s team then fused cells showing the highest levels of activity against the virus with “immortal” cells to create a cell line that secretes monoclonal (or identical) antibodies to the 1918 flu. The antibodies reacted strongly to the 1918 virus and cross-reacted with proteins from the related 1930 swine flu but not to more modern flu strains.

To test if these antibodies still work against 1918 flu in a living animal, Crowe’s collaborators at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention infected mice with the 1918 flu and then administered the antibodies at varying doses. Mice receiving the lowest dose of 1918 antibody – and those receiving a non-reactive “control” antibody – died. All mice given the highest doses of 1918 antibodies survived.

Although aging typically causes immunity to weaken, “these are some of the most potent antibodies ever isolated against a virus,” Crowe said. “They’re the best antibodies I’ve ever seen.”

The findings suggest that B cells responding to a viral infection – and the antibody-based immunity that results – may last a lifetime, even nine or more decades after exposure.

These antibodies could be used as potential treatments for future outbreaks of flu strains similar to the 1918 virus. And the technology could be used to develop antibodies against other viruses, like HIV.

Most importantly, said Crowe, “the lessons we are learning about the 1918 flu tell us a lot about what may happen during a future pandemic.”

###

Researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif., also contributed to the study. The work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-08/vumc-1fa081508.php


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More historical resources, Mr Peter Nick of Russian Mission

Nastasia (Nastasia’s Window to Rural Living - http://yupikteacherinprogress.blogspot.com/), one of the Tundra Teachers, writes from Russian Mission.

Her grandfather Ap’a Peter “Papasneak” Nick just turned 90 years old.

He remembers how the Great Pandemic of 1918-1919 affected him and those around him.

When his health started declining he told me how his mom died when he was around two due to the flu epidemic. He would look down and put his hand in a sweeping motion in front of him and say, “I can still see it when they put her in the mud. My auntie Qiatguq- the first Qiatguq behind me, and behind her my other three aunties.” He said that his aunt that took him in died shortly after his mom, then he was adopted by the couple he calls his parents - Peter and Nastasia Nick. I once asked him what was his mom’s name, he did not recall only knowing her as mom. His biological father was not in the picture, being a Caucasian miner by the name of George Fredricks who later moved to Sleetmute. By the time he was a teenager both his adoptive parents died and he lived with his uncle and cousins.

I hope we get to hear more from him and from others. There is an urgent need to understand how people cope with disasters. In Canada, there has been a special call for nonagenarians to work with epidemiologists.

Read the entry here [...] British Columbian? Over 98? Please call
Yesterday Helen Branswell reported on a British Columbia project to interview people who recall the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-19.

Oral histories aren’t just recordings. When asked by prepared interviewers, people’s experiences are invaluable for those yet to come. [see your local archivist or state museum for more information. I have a number of resources I send out to the SciTEK teachers but none posted on-line at the moment.]

I also hope Nastasia continues writing.

Previous posts–


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MayDay for heirlooms, heritage, and museums preparedness

MayDay May 1 heritage preparednessWith spring and break-up just around the corner (please, please, please!) one thing we often forget until too late are family heirlooms, photos, records, manuscripts and so on. Heritage Emergency National Task Force special day is aimed at more formal institutions, but every home or tribal office would benefit from considering emergency preparedness for tangible cultural resources.

If you are in Alaska, contact the state museum in Juneau which has a grant to help local museums with preservation and documentation efforts. Bruce Kato, Chief Curator (bruce DOTkato AT alaska DOTgov),
Telephone: (907) 465-4866, http://www.museums.state.ak.us

April is also Alaska Archaeology Month. This year’s theme is archaeology associated with travel along the National Historic Iditarod Trail.

Archives, libraries, museums, and historic preservation organizations across America are setting aside May 1 to participate in MayDay, a national effort to protect collections from disasters…. Here are some ideas from the Heritage Emergency National Task Force:

  • * If you have a disaster plan, dust it off and bring it up to date.
  • * If you don’t have a plan, make a timeline for developing one.
  • * Get to know your local firefighters and police. Invite them to tour your institution and give pointers on safety and preparedness. A poster outlining tips for working with emergency responders ( www.heritagepreservation.org/catalog/) is available from the Task Force.
  • * Identify the three biggest risks to your collection or building (such as leaking water pipe, heavy snow, or power failure) and outline steps to mitigate them.
  • * Conduct a building evacuation drill and evaluate the results.
  • * Update your staff contact information and create a wallet-size version of your emergency contact roster. See the Pocket Response PlanTM (PRePTM) at www.statearchivists.org/prepare/framework/prep.htm.
  • * Eliminate hazards such as storage in hallways, blocked fire exits, or improper storage of paints or solvents.
  • * Provide staff with easily accessible disaster response information, such as www.heritageemergency.org.
  • * Join forces with nearby institutions and agree to assist each other in case of a disaster.
  • * Establish a method of identifying objects that are most important to your mission, irreplaceable, or most fragile, making evacuation simpler when disaster hits.
  • * Register for a free course to learn how your institution fits into existing emergency response protocols. A list is available at www.heritagepreservation.org/lessons/courses.html

Heritage Preservation is offering its popular Field Guide to Emergency Response and Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel at special MayDay sale prices from April 15 to May 31.

Related posts–
Cangerlaagpiit (Epidemics) — historical lessons
Alaska History reading list
Alaska history books
Alaska Territorial Guard celebrates 60th anniversary
Lydia T. Black 1925 to 2007
Letters from 1918 SW Alaska British Columbia
Dog-Team Doctor 2
another sneeze video
Jesse Lee Home, Alaska and the pandemic of 1919
More historical resources (Brevig Mission)
More historical pandemic resources (Michigan archives)
Online curriculum for Alaska high school students about their state


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Jesse Lee Home, Alaska and the pandemic of 1919

It is important that we understand how we coped in the past with pandemics in order to learn what is important to us as a people and to cope with future disasters. The Spanish Flu or world influenza pandemic of 1918 didn’t devastate Alaska until 1919. See related posts here

There are some written records, but many histories have yet to be written. Fortunately, Raymond L Hudson has recently published a history of the Jesse Lee Home. This was an Alaska orphanage set up, like so many, to care for children orphaned by illnesses in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Jesse Lee Home was originally established in Unalaska/Dutch Harbor in the Aleutian Islands. See Where can one hear both verses of state song? .

In an editorial, the Anchorage Daily News noted,

The Jesse Lee Home occupies a special place in Alaska history: It is the birthplace of Alaska’s flag. Thirteen-year-old Benny Benson lived at Jesse Lee when he entered a schoolchildren’s contest to design a territorial flag in 1927. His design won, and the first place it flew as Alaska’s official flag was the Jesse Lee Home.

Beyond the Benson connection, the Jesse Lee Home has a special meaning to Alaska Natives. Early in the 20th century, epidemics ravaged many Native areas and left behind many orphans. The Jesse Lee Home, which moved from Unalaska to Seward in 1925, sheltered and raised many of the youngsters left behind.

The chapter is kindly reprinted by permission, all rights reserved. Raymond L. Hudson 2007 Family After All: Alaska’s Jesse Lee Home, Vol. I, Unalaska, 1889-1925. Walnut Creek, CA: Hardscratch Press. ISBN 978-0-9789979-0-8. (www.hardscratchpress.com)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Chapter 30 The Pandemic of 1919

By the time World War I ended with the signing of the armistice on Nov. 11, 1918, an influenza epidemic had crossed the United States and arrived on the west coast. In two years this pandemic would claim 50 million victims worldwide, including 675,000 Americans. Thousands of revelers in San Francisco wore protective face masks as they danced in the streets to celebrate the peace. Officials in Alaska were understandably worried. At Unalaska the dance halls and pool rooms were closed. Sailors were not allowed ashore.

The winter was stormy, but the general health of the people at Unalaska remained good. By spring, the threat seemed to have passed and life returned to normal. Dr. Newhall made a slightly ironic list of things to be thankful for: the local boys who had served in the war were unharmed; the flu had spared the village; snow was only five feet deep between the two Jesse Lee Home buildings; it was too stormy to dig clams, but plenty of clams were still waiting on the beach; the store was out of white sugar and table salt, but soft coal was only $25 a ton.

As May drew to a close, the weather cleared. The U.S.S. Saturn was in port to service the Navy radio station. Father Khotovitskii returned from visiting one of the outlying villages. Then on Friday, May 23, people began falling ill [1]. The speed with which the flu permeated the village was phenomenal. By Monday the influenza was epidemic, and the commanding officer of the Saturn wired Captain F.E. Dodge on the Coast Guard cutter Unalga anchored in Seredka Bay on Akun Island [2]. As Dodge took the Unalga toward Unalaska, a wire came from Dr. Linus H. French at the Kanakanak Hospital that the entire Bristol Bay region was being ravaged by influenza. On anchoring at Unalaska and inspecting the village, Dodge decided to remain at Unalaska. He wired Coast Guard headquarters in Washington, the governor of Alaska, and Dr. French about his decision.

Continue reading ‘Jesse Lee Home, Alaska and the pandemic of 1919′

Castor oil soap and Dettol Lysol

My apologies for not returning sooner to Mr. M. Manogaran’s interesting query left as a comment at
http://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2006/05/03/disinfectants-for-camp-field-and-household/ (Scrounging for funds interferes with interesting work.)


Kindly write to the %age proportion of Castor Oil Soap-35% being used to formulate Antiseptic Liquid Like Dettol.

I think the interest is in
* why is there soap in a disinfectant and
* why is the soap made from castor oil?

If I have failed to ask and/or answer your questions correctly please let me know. If anyone can provide additional references or a better discussion, please note in the comments.

Unfortunately, I am not an organic chemist so I can’t give great detail. But here is what I think is the short answer. The soap is used to keep the germicide (cresol or phenol) in solution until it is mixed with water for actual use (the cloudy mixed result indicates the phenol compound becoming suspended rather than dissolved). Soap is made from a fat or oil and an alkali. Castor oil has particular physical properties which make it a good molecule for making the soap to interact with the cresol/phenol molecule.

The liquid concentrate of Dettol ® and brown-bottle Lysol ® are composed of a phenol or cresol compound, alcohols, pine oil (Dettol®) and “other ingredients” which are soap, water, and caramel for coloring. When first introduced to Britain, the formula for Lysol was 50% cresol and the rest liquid soap. Lysol was so important that its commercial formula was legally established in the British Pharmacopoeia and in 1934 court standards “held that Lysol must contain 47 to 53 per cent. of cresols”. ["To use this [fake] article as a disinfectant might be worse than using none at all; its use would give a false feeling of security.”
http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=AN9345900691 (pdf file)]

I have added below some references for further examination but in particular the chemical references or databases used for the lay term lysol, Lysol ® and Dettol ®. I have tried at the end to give the identification numbers for the compounds under discussion. These ID numbers, for example the CAS number, are unique to a chemical compound. The use is similar to the binomial scientific name used to specify which of the very many different plants in different cultures that have the same common name.

CAS REGISTRY and CAS Registry Numbers. The CAS REGISTRY is the largest and most current database of chemical substances [...] http://www.cas.org/expertise/cascontent/registry/regsys.html

These databases can also be searched for the chemical or toxic properties of other chemicals. The Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) the 100-year old database of the American Chemical Society, is an excellent resource but only available for a fee. There is a comparable US Pharmacopoeia (USP) and a British Pharmacopoeia (BP) but perhaps someone else can locate the Internet links to these databases.

=================================== Continue reading ‘Castor oil soap and Dettol Lysol’

More historical resources (Brevig Mission)

Maryn McKenna is a journalist who has written a great deal about 1918, first as a newspaper reporter and now as a freelance and also as a staff member at an infectious-disease website. She very kindly sent links to the stories written in 1998 about the Brevig Mission woman’s body that supplied the Taubenberger medical team with actual tissue samples from the 1918 influenza virus. [see also Pandemic Influenza: The Inside Story]

If you go all the way to the bottom there is a diary excerpt from 1918 (we need more first-hand accounts, diaries, oral histories, etc.)

There’s also a post by an Alaska-interested blogger here, about another victim account:
http://benmuse.typepad.com/ben_muse/2005/10/avian_flu_comes.html

see previous


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More historical pandemic resources (Michigan archives)

from the great Scout Report, Copyright Internet Scout 1994-2007.
http://scout.wisc.edu/

The 1918-1920 Influenza Pandemic Escape Community Digital Document Archive [pdf]
http://www.med.umich.edu/medschool/chm/influenza/index.htm

Researchers and scholars looking at historical pandemics frequently study the communities that were strongly affected by these various occurrences.

However, this fascinating digital archive from the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School looks at seven communities during the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic that experienced low rates of influenza during this period. Drawing on the expertise of a team of scholars, they decided to focus their efforts on places such as the San Francisco Naval Training Station and Bryn Mawr College. Visitors can click on any of the seven communities to read an extended essay about each location, and they can then look over dozens of primary sources from the period. These sources include internal planning reports, newspaper articles, and other items. Overall, this collection is a tremendous find, and is one that should serve as an inspiration to other institutions with similar interests. [KMG]


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